Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 846 Words

Imagine yourself walking down the familiar road of your hometown following your daily routine. The sky is then consumed by the deafening sound of airplanes. The people around you start to panic. You then start fleeing towards your family and loved ones as realization hits you. However it is no use, your life had ended. Thousands of people died instantly as an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thousands more died because of the effect after. No weapon compares to the magnitude of destruction an atomic bomb causes. In the history of the world, atomic bombs have only been used twice. This was during World War II in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. On June 1941, the Manhattan Project was commenced under the care of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development. In the eyes of formal President Truman, the war was bloody and violent and gone for way too long. The war had already claimed many lives and it was time to put a stop to it. Already in 1939, physicist of the United States were scared of the chance of Germans studying nuclear fission. Albert Einstein then proposed the idea of this military weapon to then president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. â€Å"Manhattan Project† would be the code name for this secretive project. In 1943, Harold C. Urey set a cooperation deal with England and Canada, bringing even more scientist to work on the new military weapon. By the end, the project grew to cost two billion dollars. On July 16th of 1945, the first atomic bombShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was the quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1302 Words   |  6 PagesAllies almost one week after being hit with two atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945 during World War II an American B-29 bomber dropped the world s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city Hiroshima, wiping out 90 percent of the city and killing 80,000 people immediately. Three days later a second B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the Japanese city Nagasaki, killing around 40,000 people. (The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) The Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings were necessary because it played aRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 PagesFearful cries spread through the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventually, it was measured that 135,000 peop le were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were the atomic bombs created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatly. It all started when WorldRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II was a controversial decision that was made by President Truman. On August 6, 1945, President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. It brought an end to the bloody war in the Pacific after 4 years. Making Japan surrender in the face of unimaginable force and significant destruction on Japan’s soil. Nevertheless, Truman’s decisionRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refusedRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesmake the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki however, President Truman was ultimately the man who made the final decision to launch ‘Little Boy’ and destroy Hiroshima, Nagasaki and their civilians, thus forcing an end to the war. Although there were many alternatives presented to President Truman, it is unknown as to whether they would have actually succeeded in ending the war or producing less casualties. Truman made the decision to drop these bombs in the heat of war but h is justificationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1364 Words   |  6 PagesOn the 6th of August 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb by the name of ‘Little Boy’ dropped by the plane ‘Enola Gay’ on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Three days later on the 9th of August America dropped another bombed called, ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. A surrender was received and accepted by America on the 15th of August and the war against Japan had ended. Harry S. Truman, the man responsible for dropping the bombs claims it ended the war more efficiently and was in fact theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he madeRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1998 Words   |  8 Pagesto drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Joon Jung 2/21/16 Word Count: 1848 Section A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed

Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex Free Essays

Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex In William Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, the Oedipus complex plays a critical role in the affairs of the young prince. Sigmund Freud’s theory states that it is normal for children to have sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex. He says that it is also normal to have feelings of hatred for the other parent that is of the same sex as the child. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most children experience these feelings at a very young age, after which the feelings  are overcome or in some individuals become deeply suppressed. Those that carry on these feelings into adulthood are considered to have an Oedipus complex. These feelings, in some cases, are linked to a physical separation between father and son. This leads the child into a paradoxical state of masculinity, wherein the child spends much of his time solely with the mother, and yet a sense of guilt or femininity, because the mother is significantly older. This sense of guilt and femininity also prevents Hamlet from identifying with women their own age, a societal norm. Furthermore, Hamlet’s Oedipal feelings have been buried within him since his childhood. These feelings were hidden during the life of Hamlet, Sr. because the two had a strong connection. However, the death of King Hamlet and hasty marriage to Gertrude by Claudius sparked jealousy within Hamlet. He felt no connection to Claudius, nor felt guilty by having feelings for his mother. It was due to this event that Hamlet’s latent Oedipal Complex took over. Although Freud outlined this complex almost 300 years after the publication of Hamlet, Shakespeare’s characterizations in regards to the Oedipus complex cannot be refuted. The three main aspects including hatred of the father, intimate desires of the mother, and disconnection from the loving Ophelia show Hamlet’s embodiment of the Oedipus complex. Hamlet’s actions and mental health are affected by the presence of these Oedipal qualities. Freud had said that the son takes the mother as the object of his desires. Because of this desire to be with Gertrude, a rivalry forms between Hamlet and Claudius. In the play, Hamlet shows great hostility towards Claudius because of his mother’s hasty remarriage. This infuriates Hamlet as he begins to see murdering Claudius as a way of asserting masculine dominance and avenging his father. Once King Hamlet’s ghost  tells Hamlet  that it was Claudius who murdered him, Hamlet feels conflicted. Throughout the play, Hamlet struggles  internally over killing Claudius. It is something he wants to do, but is unable to carry out the task. Because of his Oedipus complex, Hamlet has wanted to kill his own father for at least 20 years, as outlined by Freud. Hamlet desperately wants to desperately forget the presence of his father and mother together, as illustrated in this excerpt in Act 1, Scene 2 from Hamlet. â€Å"Must I remember? Why she would hang on him, as if increase of appetite had grown† (William Shakespeare, 29). In using the word â€Å"would† to show the past tense, Hamlet is referring the dependency of Gertrude upon King Hamlet, rather than Claudius. Shakespeare also is redundant with the phrase â€Å"increase of appetite had grown†. But Shakespeare is emphasizing the fact that Gertrude became increasingly voracious for King Hamlet’s love, which further disturbed Hamlet. In essence, Hamlet feels weak because Claudius did what Hamlet could not. These feelings of inferiority, along with the Oedipus qualities, create feelings of guilt and repulsion towards Claudius. Hamlet becomes aware that he is no better than Claudius is. In murdering Claudius, Hamlet kills himself as well. Claudius has achieved Hamlet’s Freudian ideal, killed his father, taken his place, and fulfilled his incestuous desire in winning over Gertrude. Hamlet is able to identify, and even sympathize with Claudius for having done what Hamlet only wished he could do. Hamlet and his mother’s relationship is also shown as more intimate than the traditional mother-son relationship due to Hamlet’s language regarding his mother his mother, as well as the rivalry toward Claudius for his Gertrude’s attention. This suggests that Shakespeare also saw the behavioral characteristics of the oedipal complex in humanity that Freud did, explaining them through the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude. In the word choice Hamlet uses when addressing Gertrude, he shows a discreet desire for his mother bordering on the sexual. In Gertrude’s bedroom in Act 3, Scene 4, he addresses her with the following: â€Å"Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stewed in corruption, honeying, and making love over the nasty sty! † (William Shakespeare, 175). The privacy and intimacy of the bedroom add a new dimension when the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is examined. Bedrooms are private, usually the setting for sexual activity. Shakespeare placed Hamlet and Gertrude in these quarters to suggest the aspects of Hamlet’s sexual desires for his mother and allow Hamlet to express himself wholeheartedly to his mother. This obsession shows that Hamlet is suffering from an  Oedipus complex. The idea of Claudius engaging intimately with his mother brings out the incestuous feelings stirring within Hamlet. But Hamlet is also confused that, at Gertrude’s age, she can’t control her sexual desires. Hamlet worships Gertrude, he has high expectations of her, treats her as if she were a goddess. But yet, the fact that she cannot control her sexual desires makes Hamlet all the more intrigued. However, Hamlet is also ridden with jealousy in regards to her sexual activities with Claudius. Hamlet confronts Gertrude, accusing her of spending too much time â€Å"in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed†. The phrase â€Å"rank sweat† means thick or heavy sweat. Hamlet, by saying Gertrude lives in Claudius’ bed, is jealous of their constant lovemaking, driving Hamlet to act rashly in killing Polonius. In the Scene, Hamlet wished the person behind the curtain had been Claudius. He would have won over his mother and avenged the death of his father. Because of his feeling of inferiority, Hamlet feels he needs to establish himself as the powerful masculine figure by killing Claudius and becoming king of Denmark. However, his rash behavior and lashing out largely affects his mental state as well. Ophelia is the character most affected by Hamlet’s Oedipal desires for Gertrude. Hamlet disgraces Ophelia, using her simply for sex and pleasure. She means very little to him as a human being. In Act 3, Scene 1 Hamlet orders her to â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery† (William Shakespeare, 131). Completely focused on his desires for Gertrude and murder of Claudius, Hamlet has no need for distractions such as Ophelia. Hamlet’s relationship with Ophelia is completely abnormal. He solely uses Ophelia as a substitute for Gertrude. Ophelia’s femininity draws Hamlet in, satisfying his lust for his mother and insecurities surrounding Claudius. He toys with Ophelia’s affections, just as Gertrude toys with his. He uses Ophelia for pleasure to an extent, but rather uses her to challenge Gertrude. He wants Gertrude to feel threatened, jealous, or angry with Ophelia. Hamlet feels the need to torture Gertrude because he has been so tormented by her himself. Hamlet goes as far as to attempt to spark jealousy within Gertrude by sitting at Ophelia’s feet rather than Gertrude’s when she asks. Gertrude, in turn, expresses jealousy of Ophelia by refusing to speak to her following the incident. Alas, Hamlet’s desires are never to be. When Gertrude dies, it frees Hamlet of his Oedipus complex. After her death, Hamlet had the strength, mentally, to carry out the wishes of King Hamlet’s Ghost and kill Claudius, but without the prize he desired. Freud’s Oedipus complex effectively explains Hamlet’s melancholic state of pensiveness and inaction in killing Claudius. Hamlet was focused on the end result, realizing his desire for Gertrude. It was only after her death that he was free from himself. Hamlet killed Claudius quickly after Gertrude’s death as an act of revenge. His Oedipal love for his mother pushed him to near insanity before her death. Hamlet’s paradoxical relationship to Claudius is one of the Oedipal aspects that plays into the character of Hamlet. Although Claudius denies him of Gertrude, Hamlet cannot help but stand in awe of the fact that Claudius murdered King Hamlet, something Hamlet could never quite bring himself to do. Secondly, his use of language suggested an intimate relationship between Gertrude and Hamlet. And finally, the abuse of Ophelia gives an example of how the Oedipus complex affected Hamlet’s mentality. He became abusive, confrontational, and obsessed with Gertrude, the woman he could not have. Hamlet was deeply altered by the presence of his Oedipal feelings toward his mother, which transformed changed him from a dedicated scholar to an obsessed lover. These three main aspects including hatred of the father, intimate desires of the mother, and disconnection from the loving Ophelia showed Hamlet’s embodiment of the Oedipus complex. How to cite Hamlet’s Oedipal Complex, Essay examples

Cyber Terrorism With Of Research Papers â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is Cyber Terrorism? Is Cyber Terrorism Is The New Normal? How Real Is The Threat Of Cyber Terrorism? What Are Preventions For Cyber Terrorism? Answers: Introduction In the current age of advanced technologies, there is growth in the dependency on some cyber technologies, and there is an existence of new threat that starts to emerge with some digital based frontiers. It is a known fact of life that to get more integrated on digital platforms, and the infrastructure of the country is associated, and it further becomes more and more vulnerable (Raiyn, 2014). The views also say that existence of cyber terrorism and also the possibilities surrounding it are very far from ranges and from those who also have a belief it is not a threat and can never be taken seriously with so many lasting harms. The report will discuss the impact of cyber terrorism with the help of three research papers. Description of the challenge The concept of cyber terrorism can be defined as an attack on an electronic based communication networks. At the same time, it is also utilized in the loose form to discuss the usage of the internet by different terrorists in order spread the message widely along with the propaganda and a lot of fear. As the group of terrorists can evolve from the present hierarchal structure to have for independent terrorist cells that are operating in one place to accomplish the objective, the internet has further become an ideal place to spread the ideas and keep the communication well with associated cells (Hua Bapna, 2013). The process is quite inexpensive by nature and also sufficient for the usage of the readily present with internet for the motive and with incredibly easy for people to retain the anonymity. Relevant technologies The biggest fear for any government body is from actual cyber attack. In the present time, it necessary to understand all kind of websites or every material is networked. There is also an existence of reliant on computers along with computer networks. There is the rise in some hackers as well as viruses that have always been the real threat that has been dealt in past and causing so many kinds of disruption as well as in contributing the fear. There are situations where the damage can be caused when the important infrastructure or sensitive network of computer security can be breached (Ayres Maglaras, 2016). Application of the technologies There is some disruption in the form of cyber attack that can be caused by different kind of communication systems that also happen to include phone, the internet, and cable. There is also a possibility of breaching the security networks that are accountable for functioning with corporations, and there are many government agencies that are affecting. There are many kinds of operations as well as tests that have been conducted in the past to decide the security of many types of military installations as well as critical computer networks for the same (Ayres Maglaras, 2016). It is also important to understand that it can be used with software and different hacking based techniques that can be downloaded at any time from the internet. Also, there is authority to break many networks, however, cannot break any laws in the US. The main goal can be easily breakable into the network and can be read with some small modifications to sensitive data in emails, or disrupted telephone network and it further conduct by denial of many service based attacks. It is also managed without being properly recognized or traced (Crossler et al., 2013). Summary of the issues discussed in research papers Following is the summary of three research papers on cyber terrorism: A survey of Cyber Attack Detection Strategies: The research paper discusses the Homeland security that addresses with many kinds of subjects with audio based processing, surveillance of video, detection of the image, geo-location deciding and detection of cyber attacks. The existence of audio processing with monitoring of video those is important for some public places with safety. But the bigger threat for the agency is cyber terrorism (Raiyn, 2014). The terror attacks through cyber space may move over a virtual based network and can reach every corner of the home. In the current time, it is important to focus on homeland security field but also necessary to set the cyber attack and their detection area with high priority in the research. WHAT ARE THEROLESOF THEINTERNET INTERRORISM? In the recent time, there is an existence of online radical based information that has been becoming an issue. When there is an existence of evidence that comes up with a personal level of engaged online approach related to his or her ideology, and there is the sudden consensus where the internet is causing the action. The reality is that the process is far more complicated than expected (Gill et al., 2015). The concept of radicalization is generally enough to cause terrorism on the internet. The relevant questions however based on different kind of complex situations which are discussed in detail in the research paper. The Application of Qualitative Method in Developing a Cyber Terrorism Framework The report uses a qualitative method that has become more and more popular approach, and it is also related to the discipline of social science. The motive of the paper is based on discussing the overall application of different qualitative methods in growing a framework for cyber terrorism. The primary objective of the research paper is based on discovering the theory and then further developing a framework which is conceptual, and it also discusses all the elements (Yunos Ahmad, 2014). The research, there is an existence of semi-structured survey in the form of an interview and with a purpose of sampling methods for collecting data. Important issue that were not addressed in research paper In the recent time, an issue of Stuxnet which came as a computer worm and was discovered in 2010. The application is based on worms and the target of industrial software and tools and was the first case of malware which was identified with subverts industrial systems. The worm is also a part of a very specialized program in malware that is a target for Siemens Supervisory control along with Data acquisition also called as SCADA (Stohl, 2014). Impact of discussed of the issues and their application in real world The worm discussed above infected many computer systems and it harmed the Iran nuclear program called as SCADA. It particularly aimed at the centrifuge utilized in manufacturing the material for nuclear weapons which later made a spin in fast speed and were also damaged. The worm also covered the modifications that go in speed to save the system it from being discovering. This further goes on for a long period just before it was traced and the harm it can cause to the nuclear manufacturing plant of Iran is estimated to have set back the program almost for two years (Brick, 2014). Conclusion In the recent time, there are existences of software as well as much hardware organization that has made the product safer. There are solutions like Firewalls as well as anti-virus system that are always worked on and further made it tougher and rapid for the detection of the virus. The current operating systems are also based on securing which was made much stronger with time. But some creative level hackers will find methods to get past newer security code. It is important to understand here that many things as part of perfect kind of security and people must work to ensure the systems that are safer (Al Mazari et al., 2016). There are other methods for security system through supervising the internet. Also, there is a process of sniffing as well where sniffer is based on the software program that looks for internet traffic for particular items or keywords to program the searches. Reference Al Mazari, A., Anjariny, A. H., Habib, S. A., Nyakwende, E. (2016). Cyber terrorism taxonomies: Definition, targets, patterns, risk factors, and mitigation strategies.International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism (IJCWT),6(1), 1-12. Ayres, N., Maglaras, L. A. (2016). Cyberterrorism targeting the general public through social media.Security and Communication Networks,9(15), 2864-2875. Brick, B. (2014). The role of social networking sites for language learning in UK higher education: The views of learners and practitioners. InCyber Behavior: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 1745-1764). IGI Global. Crossler, R. E., Johnston, A. C., Lowry, P. B., Hu, Q., Warkentin, M., Baskerville, R. (2013). Future directions for behavioral information security research.computers security,32, 90-101. Gill, P., Corner, E., Thornton, A., Conway, M. (2015). What are the roles of the Internet in terrorism? Measuring online behaviours of convicted UK terrorists. Hua, J., Bapna, S. (2013). The economic impact of cyber terrorism.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,22(2), 175-186. Raiyn, J. (2014). A survey of cyber attack detection strategies.International Journal of Security and Its Applications,8(1), 247-256. Stohl, M. (2014). Dr. Strangeweb: or how they stopped worrying and learned to love cyber war. InCyberterrorism(pp. 85-102). Springer New York. Yunos, Z., Ahmad, R. (2014, February). The application of qualitative method in developing a cyber terrorism framework. InProceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Economics, Management and Development (EMD 2014)(pp. 133-137).

The Aztecs Essay Research Paper When the free essay sample

The Aztecs Essay, Research Paper When the Spaniards under Hernan Cortez gazed upon the Aztec capital of Tenochtitl? N in Mexico in 1519, the scene before them amazed them. There, in the center of a broad lake was a shimmering metropolis with bright white walls of huge edifices sitting on an island in the center of a big lake with causeways linked to it. The amazement of those first Spanish visitants shortly turned to horror when they saw the huge graduated table of ritual forfeits made by the Aztecs. Even today, it is difficult to grok the extent or principle for this ritual forfeit. It is estimated that the Aztec royalty sacrificed about 20,000 people per twelvemonth. Prisoners were taken to the top of pyramids where, upon a ritual level rock tabular array, they had their thoraxs cut upon and their Black Marias ripped out. Then the organic structures of the victims were tossed down the stairss of the pyramids. We will write a custom essay sample on The Aztecs Essay Research Paper When the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The scene to both the Spaniards of that clip and to us today is genuinely ghastly. But it was non mere thirst for blood that motivated the Aztecs to prosecute in this mass ritual forfeit. Critical to understanding the motive behind the ritual forfeits is the construct of # 8221 ; tonalli, # 8221 ; which means: # 8220 ; inspiring spirit. # 8221 ; The tonalli in worlds was believed to be located in the blood, which concentrates in the bosom when one becomes frightened. This explains the Gods # 8217 ; hungriness for the bosom. Without this forfeit, all gesture Michigans, even the motion of the Sun. So when the Aztecs made their forfeits, every bit far as they were concerned, they were maintaining the Sun from holding in its orbit. Particularly thirsty for blood was the war God, Huitzilopochtli. On the other manus, Quetzalcoatl was a kinder, gentler God. Quetzalcoatl merely demanded the forfeit of animate beings such as serpents and butterflies. The victims of these ritual slaughters were normally warriors captured by the Aztecs in conflicts or testimonials from vassal provinces in the signifier of worlds offered up for forfeit. This is why the Aztecs neer to the full conquered many of the environing provinces. They needed a steady supply of ritual forfeit victims. If they used their ain people for forfeit so it could do an rebellion. There was another ground for these ritual forfeits # 8212 ; cannibalism. After the Black Marias were removed and the organic structures tossed down the temple stairss, the limbs were removed and subsequently cooked. As repugnant as cannibalism is to us today, back so to the Aztecs, cooked human organic structures were looked upon as great daintinesss which explains why merely Aztec royalty, non the common people, were allowed to prosecute in cannibalism. The favourite parts for the Aztecs to crunch on were the custodies and thighs. The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, was reported to hold been partial to cooked thighs served with tomatoes and chili Piper nigrum sauce. This scene might turn our tummies but it must besides be remembered that the Aztecs had no domestic farm animal so the organic structure leftovers ( the Black Marias given to the Gods were the chief class ) from the ritual forfeits was a manner for the Aztec royalty to obtain proteins and fats. Therefore in the Aztecs we can see a mingling of faith and nutriment which resulted in human forfeit. The Aztecs: Ambivalence and Beauty The Aztecs were besides known as the Tenocha or the Mexica and the name Mexico comes from this. They were the dominant peoples of Central America at the clip of the Spanish conquering in the early 1500s. Read The Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Diaz for an perfectly gripping history of this by a conquistador who was at that place. The centre of Aztec civilization was the metropolis of Tenochtitl? n [ Teh-noche-TEE-tlahn- place of the bristly pear cactus ] in the Valley of Mexico. This was on the location of the present twenty-four hours site of Mexico City. It is estimated that at the clip of the Spanish conquering Tenochtitl? N had in the part of 200,000-300,000 people and it was seemingly a beautiful sight. It would hold been larger than any European metropolis of the clip. It contained more than forty finely adorned pyramids, big residential countries, and six major canals which acted as conveyance paths along which the dwellers traveled by canoes. Family life was of import to the Aztecs. When babes were born, a accoucheuse assisted the bringing. Midwifes were extremely regarded professionals. As Aztec adult females married when they were every bit immature as 15 the first birth was frequently to a adolescent miss of a immature age. The accoucheuse would cut the umbilical cord, wash the babe, and so offer a supplication to Chalchiuhtlicue [ Jade-Her-Skirt ] . Baby male childs were told that life was hard and full of enduring and that they were likely to decease in conflict or as forfeits. The umbilical cord of male child was given to warriors to be buried on the battlegrounds. Male childs were educated at place by their male parents until they were approximately ten when they started school. The umbilical cord of a miss was buried following to the fireplace. The domestic function was seen as the most of import portion of a adult female # 8217 ; s life. The adult females by and large stayed within the place and cooked and mad e vesture. When girl babes were born the helping accoucheuse told them that they were to the house as the bosom was to the organic structure. Girls stayed in the place with their female parents and began their # 8220 ; developing # 8221 ; when they were four. By the age of 12 they were accomplished weavers. The adult females dressed in wraparound skirts and sleeveless blouses. Womans frequently colored their faces in a pale xanthous ocher pulverization to heighten their attraction. A adult male could hold one chief married woman but a figure of secondary married womans. It was of import to Aztec adult females, like adult females everyplace, to be thought to be beautiful. Mature, married Aztec adult females typically wore their hair in two horn-like tussocks while younger adult females frequently wore it straight and long sometimes down to the waist. Like the Egyptians cleanliness was valued as was a pleasant aroma. Womans used to have on Garlands of pleasant smelling flowers around their cervixs. Aztec adult females were non to set ruddy on their oral cavities and were to maintain clean and wash if they wanted their hubbies to go on to love them. Most Aztec adult females did non wear makeups but some adult females accompanied warriors and these wore a xanthous ocher and died their dentitions red. Aztec adult females decorated themselves with jewellery including shell, clay, cherished metals, and plumes. The ideal Aztec adult female was non excessively thin and immature adult females were told non to hold early babes because of what it would make to their figures! Aztec adult females were supposed to be modest in their sexual behavior though there were cocottes within the civilization. Female criminal conversation was punishable by decease. The Aztecs loved flowers and # 8216 ; Flowers-and-song # 8217 ; was their name for poesy, art and symbolism. Some of their poesy is emotionally really expressive and one of their preoccupations was how ephemeral and temporary life is-perhaps merely like a dream or a flower that blossoms to melt. Judging by facets of their art the Aztecs were, as many civilizations have been, really ambivalent in their positions of adult females. There is a ten-foot diameter round sculpture from the temple of Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan that illustrates this. It depicts the organic structure of a bare adult female ( Coyolxauhqui ) that has been dismembered. This was the sister of Huitzilopochtli who, with her boies, planned to kill him when he was born. He emerged from the uterus of his female parent full sized and armed for war. He chased away his nephews and decapitated his sister. This mythic narrative diagrammatically represents sibling competition, warnings to the enemies of the Aztecs what will go on to them, and the attractive and scaring power of adult females. Coaticlue is the name of the serpent-skirted female parent of the war-god. A statue shows her with duplicate rattler caputs and a necklace of human custodies and Black Marias. She could transform herself into a beautiful adult female that would so take work forces to their deceases. Many goddesses of ancient people were associated with beauty, gender and war. Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, took the God of war as her lover. Ishtar, the Babylonian goddess of love and gender, was besides really warlike. This association reveals a psychological truth that is that the attraction of female beauty is frequently connected with, but does non do, struggle between work forces. This is besides true in much of the carnal universe where there is struggle between male animate beings over sexual entree to females. [ Beauty, Sex, and War ] The Aztecs were great lovers of poesy, flowers, and cocoa which was a favourite drink of the Aztec aristocracy. It was made by drying chocolate tree beans, roasting them over a fire, thumping them to a paste and blending them with H2O. Other spices including chili, sweet pepper and vanilla were frequently added to it. It was thought to hold both medicative belongingss and to be an aphrodisiac. There was a celebrated assemblage of Aztec wise work forces and poets about 1490 when they met to discourse the true significance of poesy. It took topographic point at the house of Godhead Tecayehuatzin, prince of Huexotzinco. The poets and wise work forces put on mats and were served baccy and frothing mugs of cocoa by retainers while they discussed the true significance of flowers-and-song which is what the Aztecs called poesy. One Aztec metaphor for blood can be translated as # 8216 ; flower # 8217 ; . Dead warriors spilled their blood to feed the Gods and became eagle work forces who flew into the Sun Xipe Totec, the God of spring. Spring was greeted by giving imitators of Xipe Totec. These sacrificial victims would be skinned and the tegument so worn by the believers. This seemingly repeated the rhythm of the chaff of maize about to mature and the Earth being rhenium newed with flora. Through what we call their myths it is possible to see how these people tried to cover with their ambivalent feelings about both the beauty and premium of their environment and its possible to bring mayhem and cause injury. We find their pattern of human forfeit rather hideous yet it is rather possible to see how these myths and ritualized patterns may hold originated as a consequence of the impact on the heads of the peoples being subjected to both the violent forces of nature-jaguars, hurricanes, fiery rain ( perchance vents ) , inundations, temblors and drouth every bit good as the beauty and premium of nature. One position of ritual forfeit is that it is a manner of adhering tenseness and struggle within a community so that the choler within a community is displaced onto the sacrificial victims thereby halting the community from rupturing itself apart. Drought and other natural catastrophes could convey dearth. The Gods gave their blood to the universe. In order to maintain the universe traveling and the spring rains falling adult male had to give blood back. From the point of position of modern psychological science an apprehension of how what we call trauma and station traumatic emphasis upset leads to interesting guesss on some of the more hideous facets of Mesoamerican ritual patterns. There would hold been important morbidity among the early dwellers of this part due to human weakness in the face of the powerful and destructive forces of nature such as temblors, vents, drouth, inundations, and hurricanes. Awful marauders like the panther, cougar, or toxicant serpents would besides hold taken a important toll. These myths and faith seem to map as efforts to get the hang and command this anxiousness and yet, at the same clip, are a reenactment and repeat of the injury. Aztec/Christian analogues or opposite parallels The Aztecs carved the bosom out of an alive human war prisoner, dedicated his bosom # 8217 ; s blood to the Sun, and ate his organic structure in order to honour their Gods and to continue the universe ; Christians beheld their man-god nailed alive to a cross, and Ate and imbibe his organic structure and blood in a symbolic ceremonial in order to salvage themselves. At the temples of both faiths one could meet black clad priests executing cryptic rites ; the Aztecs pinned the skulls of their victims onto racks outside their temples ; the Spanish church featured auto-da-fe # 8217 ; s staged by the Inquisition in which legion misbelievers would be burned alive in wicker baskets in the town square. ] The victim was led to the communion table at the top of the pyramid, stretched across a rock by three priests [ look into figure, think 4 held and 5th ripped out, would double 4 central points plus Sun as centre of Aztec wheel ] who held his limbs, while a 4th ripped out the populating bosom, keeping it up so that the spraying blood might splatter about # 8211 ; it was a definite award to be sprayed with the blood, one that the priests reserved for themselves and sing very important persons. Calciferol: therefore human forfeit was a portion of many Native American civilizations on both continents, for many 1000s of old ages. The Aztecs had come to keep it as a day-to-day necessity to prolong the Sun in its class. They levied human testimonial from their liege states # 8211 ; one of Cortez # 8217 ; first mainland experiences was to witness such a demand on the coastal cempoallans. Some provinces, like the tlaxcala, the Aztec refused to suppress # 8211 ; go forthing it independent so that they might war against it. In consequence the Aztecs were reaping worlds within and without their boundary lines in their ardor for maintaining the wheels of the existence good greased. For particular occasions # 8211 ; such as the dedication of the great pyramid of Huitzilopochtli in our twelvemonth 1486 # 8211 ; 10s of 1000s of victims, harvested and kept captive for old ages # 8211 ; were offered up, and their lines extended for stat mis rearward from the centre of forfeit. The p yramids glistened black with blood # 8211 ; a mark of great power and energy for that is how the Sun God drank # 8211 ; and great hills of skulls grew up. In Tenochtitl? n the extra organic structures were fed to the animate beings in the menagerie. Although this was a normative experience in Aztec civilization # 8211 ; one the Aztecs felt comfy with as they might state in Marin County, it seems clear that their neighbours were experiencing oppressed and threatened. One of the pretenses of Cortez was that of a liberator. Slide # 8211 ; after the forfeit # 8211 ; a victim thrown down the stairss of the pyramid. The organic structures of the excardiated victims were flung down the stairss of the pyramid, possibly as a unsmooth and ready signifier of tenderising the meat. The bole and limbs would be severed, and the stamp parts, the thighs and the custodies reserved for ritual banqueting. Moctezuma was said to be partial to the thighs of immature work forces, served with a nice tomato and chili Piper nigrum sauce. Prescott captures the European sense of horror # 8220 ; This was non the harsh meal of ravenous man-eaters, but a feast pullulating with delightful drinks and delicate commissariats, prepared with art, and attended by both sexes, who, as we shall see afterlife, conducted themselves with all the decorousness of civilised life. Surely, neer were refinement and the extreme of brutality brought so closely in contact with each other! # 8221 ; reader Ritual forfeit and cannibalism: pros and cons Indeed, the Aztecs don # 8217 ; t seem so bad if you put their wonts next to those of the Spanish Inquisition. At least the Aztec sacrificed their victims to their Gods and into heaven ; the Inquisition burned its victims and consigned them to hell. And modern authors stress the centrality, the necessity, of human forfeit in Aztec society. If you believe what they did, that the Sun needed a day-to-day ration of human blood, so worlds had to be sacrificed to the Sun. It was a tough occupation, in other words, but person had to make it. The victims, some say, were good cared for and honored before their deceases. And they were non persons in our modern western sense # 8211 ; they were honored themselves to be chosen, to make their spot, as it were, to maintain the Sun traveling for the remainder of humanity. Another principle is that human forfeit # 8211 ; largely, but non ever, of immature males captured in war, was a cultural device to extinguish excess males from the population. The 1s botchy plenty in war got caught, the more cagey 1s survived to reproduce # 8211 ; so instead than contending bloody and deathly wars with an overkill factor, the Mexicans were ordaining a comparatively humane and structured process in their captive reaping warfare. But eating their victims afterwards? Even though this excessively is a clip honored ritual, widely testified to in the Americas, Many now suspect that studies of cannibalism in the Americas are greatly overdone and the consequences of Europeans spooking themselves with their ain horror narratives. But with the Aztecs, with so much fume, there likely is some fire. Prescott # 8217 ; s sense of horror continues to impact our present position. One can merely state # 8211 ; yes, in certain societies, one can be civilized and eat one # 8217 ; s neighbor excessively. How to grok this mentality? Partaking of the flesh of the victim, one partakes of the victim # 8217 ; s indispensable nature, does him or her award, while honouring the Gods. The banquet is therefore a echt rite of regard and Communion. The Christian mass itself is a re-enactment of such a banquet # 8211 ; merely in the mass it is the flesh and blood of the God that is eaten # 8211 ; a chance that might hold horrified the Aztecs. One historian even suggested that the meat of the sacrificial victims provided a important beginning of protein in a society where the largest signifier of carnal farm animal was the poulet. Were the Aztecs merely endeavoring for a balanced diet? Whatever the accounts, it was this last pattern that most horrified the Spaniards and led them to reason that the Aztecs were beyond the picket of humanity, unless they could be saved by another faith. Fear, ardor, and greed were all portion of the coming brush between Cortez and Moctezuma. Sacrifice to Huitzilopochtli During the Sun God forfeit ceremonial, a priest carved out the individual # 8217 ; s bosom with an obsidian blade knife. At this clip in the individual was still alive and witting. The priest would so take the bosom from the individual # 8217 ; s thorax. During this ceremonial, the individual being sacrificed seldom uttered a word. The sacrificed individual was so thrown down the side of the temple, and after making the underside, the sacrificed individual # 8217 ; s weaponries and legs were severed. These appendages were so cooked in a clay oven, and served as a stamp daintiness. In eating their victims, or partaking in them, the Aztecs believed that they were honouring them, every bit good as honouring the Sun God. The rite of the bosom being cut out of the forfeit victim was to honour merely the Sun God. Other Sacrificial Ceremonies The Aztec besides preformed other sacrificial ceremonials. During the ceremonial by and large preformed in respect to Wipe Tote, the forfeit was preformed by hiting the victim with pointers. In this case, beads of blood falling from victims represented life giving rain. In award of the Aztec fire God, the forfeit was made by covering the victim with hashish, and so puting them into fire. In specific ceremonials throughout the Aztec twelvemonth, people who were traveling to be sacrificed frequently dressed up as the God to which they would be sacrificed. The sacrificial victims frequently felt honored to be sacrificed, and society held these people up as model and honest.

Free Essays on Inner Strength

According to Webster’s Dictionary, the word strength means the power of exerting muscular force. For myself, strength is overcoming obstacles when others told you it couldn’t be done. Strength is to wake up every morning and think, not what could I have done if I gotten a better life, but what can I do with the life I have received. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the U.S., said: â€Å" We grow great by dreams. All big men are dreamers.† Every one dreams, but it takes strength to make those dreams come true. Often, a lot of people do not try in fear of failure. The person with strength doesn’t worry about failue; it doesn’t exist, because if you truly try it is not failure. Anyone can be strong, it can be the retarded person at school or the gold medallist at running. Strength doesn’t have a description when it comes to a person. Anyone can posse the quality, it just takes will power to want to achieve a victory in life. First, strength is being able to overcome obstacles. For example, there was this girl who had a learning disability. Her mom watched her play basketball everyday. She ran circles around the other kids and managed to shoot jump shots just over their heads into the net. The boys always tried to stop her, but no one could. Sometimes she would play all night, until dark dribbling, over and over again. One day her mom asked her why do you practice so much? She turned her head and said,† I want to go to college. My dad was not able to go. The only way I’ll get to go is if I get a scholarship. I like basketball, so I decided if I were good enough, I would get a full scholarship. If I am going to play college basketball, I want to be the best. My dad told me if the dream was big enough, the facts don’t matter.† Through, high school she led her team every week into victory. Nevertheless, one day her mom saw her sitting in the grass crying. â€Å"What is wrong?† her mom asked. Sh... Free Essays on Inner Strength Free Essays on Inner Strength According to Webster’s Dictionary, the word strength means the power of exerting muscular force. For myself, strength is overcoming obstacles when others told you it couldn’t be done. Strength is to wake up every morning and think, not what could I have done if I gotten a better life, but what can I do with the life I have received. Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the U.S., said: â€Å" We grow great by dreams. All big men are dreamers.† Every one dreams, but it takes strength to make those dreams come true. Often, a lot of people do not try in fear of failure. The person with strength doesn’t worry about failue; it doesn’t exist, because if you truly try it is not failure. Anyone can be strong, it can be the retarded person at school or the gold medallist at running. Strength doesn’t have a description when it comes to a person. Anyone can posse the quality, it just takes will power to want to achieve a victory in life. First, strength is being able to overcome obstacles. For example, there was this girl who had a learning disability. Her mom watched her play basketball everyday. She ran circles around the other kids and managed to shoot jump shots just over their heads into the net. The boys always tried to stop her, but no one could. Sometimes she would play all night, until dark dribbling, over and over again. One day her mom asked her why do you practice so much? She turned her head and said,† I want to go to college. My dad was not able to go. The only way I’ll get to go is if I get a scholarship. I like basketball, so I decided if I were good enough, I would get a full scholarship. If I am going to play college basketball, I want to be the best. My dad told me if the dream was big enough, the facts don’t matter.† Through, high school she led her team every week into victory. Nevertheless, one day her mom saw her sitting in the grass crying. â€Å"What is wrong?† her mom asked. Sh...

Capitonyms Are Separate Cases

Capitonyms Are Separate Cases Capitonyms Are Separate Cases Capitonyms Are Separate Cases By Mark Nichol Some words, in a class called capitonyms, have distinct meanings or senses when they are capitalized as opposed to generic senses. Writers should take care to render these words as appropriate to the context. Among capitonyms are several words denoting astronomical bodies. For example, one writes that Earth is orbited by the Moon and in turn orbits the Sun. However, when we refer to the surface soil of that planet, or employ an idiom such as â€Å"down to earth,† the proper form is earth. Likewise, if we write about the planet’s satellite or the star around which our world orbits, but from the terrestrial perspective, we generally lowercase the names for example, â€Å"The moon is full tonight† and â€Å"The sun passed behind the clouds.† (References to moons and suns beyond our solar system are also lowercased.) Geographical capitonyms include arctic, often capitalized in reference to Earth’s northern regions but generic when referring to cold temperature or mood (Antarctic, by contrast, is generally styled as a proper noun), and alpine, which is capitalized only in reference to the Alps, in Europe. In politics, such words as democratic, republican, conservative, liberal, socialist, and communist, generic references to concepts of political thought that serve as nouns and adjectives, are capitalized when referring to a political organization or a member of such an organization. The treatment of god depends on whether one refers to a deity in general or to that of the Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism). In philosophical or religious contexts, words for qualities such as truth and beauty are often capitalized to signal the significance of the conceptual connotation. Another religious term that may or may not be capitalized is mass, referring to a religious ceremony. It is often capitalized when referring to a specific religious ceremony (for example, â€Å"High Mass†) but is lowercased in generic references to such events (â€Å"He performed several masses†), as is the word when it refers to the unrelated meaning of physical phenomena. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions"Owing to" vs "Due to"Shore It Up

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship - Essay Example on to jobs as service crew at two ice cream parlors and later on transferred to a travel agency as an accounting assistant and travel agent at the same time. I did all this to help my mother who is the only close family member with me here in America. My father passed away some years ago and all my determined efforts are both to help out my mother and prove to myself and perhaps to my late father that I can make it out on my own. My job at the travel company entailed a lot of accounting work and was happy this is so because it closely correlated with my college degree. My fluency with both Chinese and English together with a third language was really a big help in my job with this casino-related travel company where I got to meet lots of people, greatly improved my marketing and selling abilities, enhanced my people skills and most importantly, gave the needed practice to boost my self-confidence. This job also gave me the much-needed work experience which was all more valuable as it related to what I am pursuing in college. Hardships I had encountered made me a stronger person and I hope this will help make me realize my full potentials. I am ambitious and totally focused on my life goals; probably also because I am a woman. If a person will ask me why I strive so hard, I will perhaps answer it is because I am a woman and I need to prove to myself and everybody that I can do the same job even better; that I can also accomplish great things when given the chance. I consider this opportunity to study in the United States as a rare once-in-a-lifetime chance which I will obviously not just squander away doing inconsequential things. I dream big and aspire for bigger things to come. At the moment, I had temporarily given up my job to concentrate on my studies and I intend to fully achieve my dreams by totally focusing on it for the time being. I also know that sometimes it is harder for a woman to get ahead in this society despite some progress towards gender

Microeconomics article review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconomics article review - Term Paper Example It is important to understand that in the general economy there is a job destruction rate and a job creation rate. Unemployment occurs when these two factors are out of balance. A recession does not impact the job destruction rate, but it does affect the job creation rate by lowering it. During the recession as the job creation rate falls the period of unemployment lengthens. â€Å"The percentage of the labor force unemployed for 27 weeks or more is finally decreasing, after peaking at about 4.3 percent in April 2010 and hanging around 4 percent until September 2011† (Worstall, 2013). It is unknown how much of that decline is associated with people finding jobs or leaving the job marketplace. Typically when people leave the job marketplace it becomes hard for them to come back. People that leave the workplace do not enjoy the pleasures associated with having income. Adults that leave the workforce negatively impact the economy because it loses the goods and services they could be producing. The stimulus package through programs such as the TANF Emergency Fund helped job creation in the United States. Some of the ill effects of long term unemployment include erosion of skills and dissociation from the job market. An economic concept called hysteris could have occurred in the United States. ... In Europe another 4% continues to be out of the workforce for over a year, while almost none in the U.S. One of the reasons for the discrepancy in long term unemployment behavior is that unemployment benefits in the U.S run out after six months, while in Europe they continue for years or indefinitely. The increase in unemployment insurance was an effective incentive to keep money flowing in the economy, but its effect on reducing the unemployment rate is questionable. â€Å"There was undoubtedly some increase in long-term unemployment as a result of the UI extension: people do respond to incentives after all† (Worstall, 2013). Stimulating the economy by running a fiscal deficit does not positively impact the nation’s unemployment rate. The article provided great insight into the unemployment problem in the United States of America. Unemployment was a topic discussed in class during the semester. It is a very important economic topic because it affects the lives of every one in a society. People need to work to earn income to spend in consumer goods and services. When a person loses his job he becomes unemployed. The chances of this person finding a job quickly increases when the nation’s unemployment rate is low. I learned from the article that short term unemployment is referred too as frictional unemployment. A second economic concept learned in class that was discussed in the article was recession. A recession can be defined as a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) for two or more consecutive quarters (Investorwords, 2013). During a recession people lower spending often in fear that they might lose their jobs. The author of the article indicated that people that are unemployed during a recession often have a hard time

The Social Aspect of Computing Essay Example for Free

The Social Aspect of Computing Essay How has the online sharing of information, such as film and music, changed western buying habits? Record shops, cinemas, radio stations, video rental stores and even libraries are losing customers to the global trend that is OIS (Online Information Sharing the official MPAA and RIAA term for internet piracy). It once used to be a common sight to see small record shops filled with teens picking their favourite artists new records from the well stacked shelves, paying at the desk, discussing music with others and making new discoveries. It was not uncommon for people to buy or rent VHS tapes or sit at home listening to the radio. Piracy of course was alive here, the market for pirate radio, pirate tapes and pirated videos was enormous, the difference between then and today? Equipment. Nearly every person below 40 has a computer in MEDCs and also has the knowledge to share everything they want from their media collection with others. The most significant difference between the days of pirate radio and the days of worldwide networking is that you no longer need to know how it works to do it; millions of parents mindlessly expose their young kids to P2P networks such as KaZaA and LimeWire which are full of adult content, viruses and include open chat programs which might allow sexual predators access to their children. The first consumer P2P (peer-to-peer) network of note (others such as MC2 , Direct Connect and TinyP2P had existed before but were not widely adopted by the average user) called Napster allowed only for the sharing of music files such as WAVE and .mp3 (leading to MPEG 3 becoming the most popular music format in years to come). This was the most organised piracy or the time among teenagers and young adults through the internet but had problems in terms of the danger that faced the user (being caught) in that the centralized nature of the service meant that the server not only listed the files bring shared by members but all of the files passed through it in an effort to prevent the proliferation of malicious programs. This was extremely bad news for the user as Napster now had the IP address of each and every user, an integral flaw which would come back to bite the company and its user base later on before it could change its process and remove the evidence from its servers. Napster h ad finally made stealing music easy but was considered flawed by many in the IT community who wanted easier methods of sharing software, video and text files and a safer method of sharing music. Audiogalaxy was the first mainstream centralized P2P client that was capable (although not by design) of sharing any kind of file whatsoever, it gained popularity after the downfall of Napster and was the first time that the MPAA took note of file sharing software as connections became more capable of allowing fast download of high quality video. Audiogalaxy only indexed *.mp3 files, the obvious way round this limitation was found quickly: by (for example) naming a *.exe piece of software from tree.exe to tree exe .mp3. This made AG extremely useful for illegal distribution of both legally and illegally purchased data between users with experience in CGI and Batch (CGI parameters had to be edited to share non mp3 files) but was not as popular as eDonkey2000 (another P2P later to become known as eMule) program which did not have the security limitations of previous P2P clients as it was much faster to decentralize and allow open sharing and indexing. Especially in the case of Napster, facilitating thousands of minor crimes led to a series of lawsuits launched by musicians against the company (Metallica, Dr. Dre, Madonna) but received praise from other artists (Radiohead, Dispatch, Editors) for allowing distribution of singles prior to an albums release. Eventually a larger lawsuit was filed against the company which eventually resulted in bankruptcy after a lawsuit (which inadvertently increased the services user numbers) filed by the RIAA resulting in Napster closing down their network and being blocked from selling the company without liquidating assets under Chapter 7 of the US Bankruptcy Act meaning that the company was forced to close. The name was later sold to Swedish pornography company PMG who run it as a paid for service using similar looking software. AudioGalaxy was also sued and shut down as its out of court settlement rendered the service effectively useless and resulted in the services user base abandoning it en ma sse as a result AG too, opened a pay service to distribute music. In efforts to decentralize and avoid federal prosecution, modern networks designed for file sharing are de-centralized, often encrypted and use proxies to disguise IP addresses, for these reasons modern networks make it much less likely for a user to be discovered and served with a court order or other legal reprimand. A de-centralized system does not have a server which holds the files but instead a server that indexes a list of all available files rather than storing them. Most modern p2p systems also use (as mentioned previously) a process of encryption and proxy servers to make them untraceable. The servers often do not ask uploaders and downloaders of content to register accounts as they have previously done, this prevents user name linking: a process that the CIA reportedly used wherein they would search a napster username through a series of websites trying to gain personal data on a pirate in order to find and prosecute them. Another security feature of modern P2P protocols is the streaming swarm structure which works on a rarest first basis, splitting files into multiple parts and downloading these parts (to be reconstructed into a usable file on the leech (downloading) computer) rather than an actual file. As none of these individual parts is usable as the intended finished product on its own Swedish law allows the redistribution under its own piracy laws for this reason, the most prolific pirating groups are based in the country. One such group is the Swedish pirate political party called Piratbyran, the Piratbyran, (whose motto Pirate and Proud has itself caused problems for the group) this organised group has demanded that (along with the Pirates website piratgruppen.org) pirates be treated fairly by the law of the world as they believe they have the right to appraise things and decide if they are worth purchasing before doing so. For this reason, Piratbyran have set up Kopimi, a copywright alternative (said copyme) which declares others right to use your work as they see fit (this being a more extreme version of many other previously concocted alternatives like creative commons which permit a user the right to use works for non commercial reasons of their choice) for anything at all. The group also used Bram Cohens bit torrent protocol and created the worlds largest tracker a website that indexes all of the files available through the protocol which is called ThePirateBay.com (a.k.a. TPB), this site is distributed in over 20 languages and is currently the most popular tracker for the most advanced, secure and efficient protocol that is commercially available at this time. They are however intending to create their own protocol to remove their reliance in Bram Cohen (the creator) who has recently cut distribution deals with Hollywood film studios and is believed to be considering taking the protocol commercial. Governments across the world are certainly taking note, shown in hundreds of adverts which have only proven ineffective thus far. In the USA and the UK the governments have been running multiple adverts against piracy on legally purchased DVD videos and Blu ray / High Definition DVDs which are fairly useless: the advert assumes You wouldnt steal and lists a series of items before telling you piracy is a crime and showing w young girl getting up from her computer where she is downloading a film and walking out of the door. Most people tend to be offended at the fact that, after legally paying for something, they are forced to watch an advert telling them not to steal. This string of adverts alone has caused a series of parody adverts which take off the script of the original You might steal a book and even inspired a film called Steal this movie. Of course there are also positive sides to the increase in stealing and sharing among internet users, the little guy for example is heard far more than the major executive, companies are embracing the freedom culture and popular bands are pre releasing their albums for free to gain fan support. Sharing is even curing cancer! A largely adopted project ([emailprotected]) launched by a US university is folding protein strings over a massive decentralized network in an effort to discover a cancer cure or prevention in lieu of the supercomputer they would normally require. Those passing records about in the early days probably never saw that coming when they connected their first networks! Back in the early 1980s, piracy (albeit not online) was rife amongst office workers and the computer competent, these early criminals would exchange software through floppy disk and share records between each other. As the 90s started and the first networks were being created within offices, the stealing only increased as files could be copied between computer terminals via cable rather than by hand. Now, with the age of the internet: it is estimated that over 300 million of the worlds population routinely steal information and data over the internet with millions more borrowing DVDs and books from each other, whether or not these people are stealing more or less because of the internet is unquestionable, with our ability to access millions and millions of people we are able to share and steal far more than we previously could have done and this only provides incentive to give and take more than we would normally have done in a spirit of world community that is evoked by groups that exist in this sphere such as piratgruppen and the piratbyran. References: [1] English Wikipedia 18:06 18:09February 7th 2008 Pages on: Peer to peer file sharing, torrent, napster, audiogalaxy, warez, piratbyran or piratgruppen all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay [2] Piratgruppen.org, Piratbyran or The Pirate Bay Blog, all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay as of 18:17 18:23 February 7th 2008

Essay --

This essay explores the mutually beneficial commercial collaborations between the tobacco companies and major motion picture studios from the late 1920s through the 1940s. Smoking in movies is associated with adolescent and young adult smoking initiation. Public health efforts to eliminate smoking from films accessible to youth have been countered by defenders of the status quo, who associate tobacco imagery in â€Å"classic† movies with artistry and nostalgia. Both the entertainment and tobacco industries recognised the high value of promotion of tobacco through entertainment media. Each company hired aggressive product placement firms to represent its interests in Hollywood. These firms placed products and tobacco signage in positive situations that would encourage viewers to use tobacco and kept brands from being used in negative situations. Efforts were also made to place favourable articles relating to product use by actors in national print media and to encourage professional photographers to take pictures of actors smoking specific brands. The cigar industry started developing connections with the entertainment industry beginning in the 1980s and paid product placements were made in both movies and on television. This effort did not always require money payments from the tobacco industry to the entertainment industry, suggesting that simply looking for cash payoffs may miss other important ties between the tobacco and entertainment industries. So, therefore the tobacco industry understood the value of placing and encouraging tobacco use in films, and how to do it. While the industry claims to have ended this practice, smoking in motion pictures increased throughout the 1990s and remains a public health problem. The tobacco i... ...y has a long history of working to influence Hollywood. The power of film to promote the â€Å"social acceptability† and desirability of tobacco use, particularly among young people, is a continuing inducement for the tobacco industry to utilise this medium. The increase in tobacco use and the continuing appearance of specific brands in movies since 1990 may reflect continuing activities by the tobacco industry, despite the industry's voluntary restrictions on such practices. It may be that, as with provisions of the industry's voluntary advertising code that nominally restricts print marketing to children, the industry finds ways around its own rules. Until something is done to reduce and eliminate pro-tobacco images on film, motion pictures will remain one of the most powerful forces in the world promoting tobacco and serving the tobacco industry's financial interests.

The Organization Kid

He feels that the students have been molded by their parents to act and dress in a certain manner. His article also concentrates on the idea that students go to college not to gain higher learning, but to get a good Job and make money. The students are being trained to be â€Å"The Organization Kid. † The Organization Kid is a generation of students who are extraordinarily bright, morally earnest and Incredibly industrious. During the Elementary School era, In the sass and sass schools assigned less and less homework, so that by 1981 the average six-to-eight-year-old was doing only fifty two minutes of homework a week.April 26, 1983, A Nation at Risk was reported. The problem, it said, was that schools had become too loose and free-flowing. Students faced a â€Å"cafeteria style curriculum† that gave them too many choices. Since then, the central focus of the school reform was on testing, accountability & medication which help reshape the minds of kids whose behavior de viates from the standard. So by 1997 the amount of homework assigned to the average child of the same age had doubled to more than two hours a week. For the period of Adolescence. It became ore organized, regulated and supervised with an emphasis on safety.Neo- romantics of the sass and sass believed that children should grow up freely and develop their own creative inclinations. Twenty nine years ago parents were advised to keep out of their kid's way. Let them grow into their own person. Now they're warned that If they aren't with their kids every single minute of their life, they'll grow up to be serial killers. For an example: people don't blame the actual shooters In the Columbine incident, two teen shooters killing 13 people at the Columbine High School, they blame their parents. Today parents do not hesitate to impose their authority.Parental authority nowadays rests on three pillars: science, safety and achievement. In the course of the Princeton Experience, the college admi nistrations tend to impose stricter regulations concerning students' behavior. As part of an effort they can go to amuse themselves without alcohol or drugs. Yet, students are increasingly supportive of universities regulation of private matters such as campus drinking. David Brooks describes the â€Å"typical Princeton student,† an impression he rives from interview sessions with students he notes are a few dozen, faculty- recommended, articulate leaders of tomorrow.Throughout his visit to Princeton, Brooks encountered clean-cut, cheerful scholars and citizens, respectful of their professors, too busy to involve themselves in national politics or social causes, too future-oriented for social life and too on-the-go to spark up intellectual conversations over a meal. To put it briefly, The Organization Kid alludes to an influential study by William H. White, called The Organization Man. The origins of â€Å"The Organization Kid† re to be found in their upbringing.Parent s relied on the achievements of medical and cognitive science to develop their children physically and intellectually. The Organization Kid is students of prestigious universities like Princeton. They appear to busy themselves with a variety of educational & extra-curriculum activities to the extent they do not have time to start a relationship or pay attention to national politics. Most of them are happy with their life, they accept high workload for the reasons of self-improvement, resume building and enrichment. They are described as optimistic, serious & conscientious.

Modern America Matrix Essay

After John F Kennedys death, on December 6, 1963. Theodore White wrote an essay for Life magazine in which he compared Kennedys life to the legend of Camelot. Theodore White wrote that this was a time with a â€Å"magic moment in  American history when gallant men danced with beautiful women, when great deeds were done, when artists, writers, and poets met at the White House. There will never be another Camelot again†. Moss, G.D., & Thomas, E.A. (2013). Moving on: The American people since 1945 (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe was a movie star sex symbol in the 1950’s Marilyn served as a role model for women. The fashion of the day was not about comfort but to be very sexy and femininity conforms to the prevailing sexual stereotype. Moss, G.D., & Thomas, E.A. (2013). Moving on: The American people since 1945 (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Tariff Reductions August 1993, Congress approved a new round of tariff reductions on manufactured goods covered under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The tariff on manufacturing good had been affect since World War II. In 1993 congress reduced the tariff to help the country’s economic recovery. In 1994, Clinton followed these victories by reducing trade barriers with major Pacific Rim nations. Moss, G.D., & Thomas, E.A. (2013). Moving on: The American people since 1945 (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Peace Corps In 1961, the Kennedy administration launched the Peace corps. This was established to help Latin America and other third world countries. The Peace Corps was formed because of the cold war concerns in third world countries and from a desire to give idealistic young Americans an opportunity for public service. Over the next two years, about 7,500 Peace Corps volunteers were sent to forty-four nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Most of them worked as teachers; others found jobs in health care, agricultural reform, and community development Moss, G.D., & Thomas, E.A. (2013). Moving on: The American people since 1945 (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Alliance for Progress In the 1960’s the Kennedy  administration developed a multifaceted assistance program called the Alianza para progreso. The Alliance for progress was established to blunt the appeal of Castroism and foreclose Soviet opportunities in Latin America. Over the  life of the program, billions of dollars in loans and grants from both public and private sources were fed into the Alliance for Progress. Moss, G.D., & Thomas, E.A. (2013). Moving on: The American people since 1945 (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Cheering My Heart Out essays

Cheering My Heart Out essays To be given the chance to be a cheerleader was one of the greatest times of my life. I was a cheerleader for eight years, and my last two years in high school I made the all-star team. My best friend and I cheered on every regular season and the all-star team together. The final game of our career was unforgettable. It had been 8 years of great enjoyment with my best friend, Melinda Fulk. We always clowned around in practice, but when the game would start we had a high intensity. Melinda would lead, and I would follow along with the rest of the squad. When she wasnt leading, I would, and she would get the squad to follow along. We were the top cheerleaders in the division, or so we thought. Our all-star team had made it to the championship of our state tournament. Before our squad took the floor our coach Robin Sessoms gave us a talk. She said, Well ladies, weve came a long way. Todays the day weve all practiced so hard for, but I want to have fun with it. Lets treat this like every other competition we have won. Youre all winners, win or lose. I want you all to know that I feel privileged to have coached such a fine bunch of ladies. So lets go out and cheer as hard as you can. What do you say, lets go have FUN. We all got up and yelled, YEA. Lets cheer hard. Yea As we all got more pumped up. Who are we? NSHS. As we got more loud and more intense. Coach said, Bring it on. Cheer on 3. One, two, three as we all yelled together CHEER. As I ran on to that floor I recalled all the practicing I had done, and I knew I owed most of it to my father. He started me tumbling when I was teeny tiny and cheer when I was in the fifth grade. As my passion grew more and more I wanted t o go practice all the time. So I would ask my father to spot me as I tumbled. Even though my father was tired or in the middle of a good ...

How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout and Stay on Fire

How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout and Stay on Fire Don’t be the one who face-plants on the conference table because you failed to see the signs of your own exhaustion- or start to hate your job because you need a break badly, but never thought to take one. Get your energy and motivation back before you’re totally overwhelmed. Keep an eye out for these symptoms, learn to recognize them, and prepare yourself to stave off burn-out before it burns you.1. DisaffectionYou’re getting snarkier and more sarcastic with every passing meeting. Little things you would have shrugged off last year are suddenly sticking in your craw. A few eye-rolls at the absurdity of corporate speak are fine, but if you’re catching yourself venting your annoyance more frequently than usual, that might be a sign you’re almost at the breaking point.2. FatigueYou’re not just sleepy after the spaghetti you ate for lunch. You’re sleepy all the time. You wake up tired, get to the desk tired, go home too pooped to enjoy yo urself. You’re never â€Å"in the zone† anymore.3. StagnationYou’re not getting any pleasure out of minor victories or completed projects. You feel like you’re working tirelessly, but nothing seems to go anywhere.4. BoredomYou’ve got a billion tasks on your to-do list and projects on your plate, but you just can’t get past the boredom. You have a hard time engaging with your work.5. ProcrastinationWell, more procrastination than normal. Procrastination can actually be productive. But if you’re catching yourself not working more than you’re concentrating on your work, this may be a sign that you need a breather.6. Mystery Ailments and/or StressYou have a sudden onset of medically unexplainable headaches, stomach aches, or insomnia. The doctors say you’re fine, but you feel terrible. Often these symptoms can be stress-related- your body telling your brain you need a break!  These aren’t the only signs you might be close to burn-out, but they’re a good start. Do yourself a favor and take a step back to evaluate. Take stock of which parts of your job are satisfying or annoying- what tasks you like and what is causing you stress. Take a bigger look at whether you’re on track, not just in your job, but in your career. See if there are any steps you can take to be more engaged.Then, implement a plan for change. But don’t forget to take some time off first! You’ll need the extra energy to push you through. Schedule a vacation, take a few more breaks per day, delegate tasks that aren’t holding your attention, and try and focus on the parts of the job that you still love.It’s possible to work hard and relax hard; you just have to plan ahead.How to Recognize the Signs of Burnout Before You’re Burned Out

Personal Mission Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Mission Statement - Essay Example The template includes my understanding of proper adult and learning development. I will put to good use the personal and professional growth theories, as I leave my alma mater. The template includes all relevant inputs. I will include the teachings of Covey (204) in my lifelong template. The template of effective strategies teaches me how to maximize all my God-given powers to gather all necessary knowledge to help the community have a better life. I will also keep to mind the necessary skills needed to make a favorable difference in this world. I will also generate the desire to give my own small but effective contribution to share my blessing with the less fortunate citizens of this world. In addition, I will to have an open mind to learn new things that will hasten the effects of my contributing to the betterment of society. I will be proactive. Being proactive means to implement an act or nonact that will prevent the cropping up a debilitating disaster or unfavorable event. I wil l also learn to put first things first. I will replace sitting all day long and devote more time to activities that will hasten the accomplishment of may goals in life. Time is short, and the average person’s earthly journey is too short to make a positive impact on the other people’s lives. I will also implement activities to ensure my missionary race will create and prolong true happiness, hope, faith, and love in every gathering that I will join. I was put in this world to make a difference. With God guiding my path along my missionary path, I will bravely, boldly and enthusiastically finish my predestined part in this complex Shakespearean type of play called life flying colors. I have my happy moments. I always feel happy when I see the smiling faces of my toddler after a tiring and stressful day’s activities. Joy feels the air when I see my beautiful daughters, God’s gift to me. Further, my happy moments continue as through my

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Essay Example This is when blood cells not only ignore insulin but also prevent glucose absorption in to the body, hence resulting to its build up in the blood (Braham, 2011). The initial symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus are the emission of a faint smell, normally fruit or vegetable order, in his breath or urine. This urine is commonly known as sweet urine (Braham, 2011). The essay will shed more light on diabetes mellitus type 2, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. According to studies so far conducted, it is cited to have contributed to about 90-95% of all the complication’s cases (Levenne & Donnelly, 2008). Apart from high blood pressure, other risk factors associated with this malady include genetic factors and high cholesterol levels. In most cases, its occurrence is due to the disruption of sensitive tissues to the extent that they no longer respond properly to insulin, hence graduating to insulin resistance (Poretsky, 2010). This is a state where accumulation of glucose in the blood exceeds the appropriate levels. This condition if not treated earlier, it normally results to failing of peripheral blood tissues. Generally, Type 2 if untreated can be life threatening, especially if not detected earlier. This is because lack of treatment can result to severe complications such as kidney failure, blindness and nerve damage (Braham, 2011). Studies contend type 2 is the main contributing factor in the contraction of strokes and coronary heart diseases. This is due to the narrowing and hardening of blood vessels, which is a problem commonly known as atherosclerosis (Braham, 2011). Loss of glucose in urine and elevated blood sugar levels are the earliest symptoms of untreated type 2 condition. Some of type 2 symptoms that follow later on usually vary across persons. The most cited symptoms of this type are usually blurred

Importance of Enlightenment to colonial history Essay

Importance of Enlightenment to colonial history - Essay Example Enlightenment principles contradicted colonial practices and were very instrumental in ending colonization. In the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries, the legality of colonialism was a subject of argument among the British, French and German philosophers. Key enlightenment thinkers including Diderot, Kant and Smith challenged the notion that it was the responsibility of the Europeans to civilize the world and criticized the cruelty of colonialism. They further insisted that every person had the ability to reason and therefore capable of own government. As far as they were concerned, colonial supremacy was unethical because it entailed expropriation of belongings, forced labor and slavery all of which were against the principles of self governance. According to Diderot, a critic of European colonization, the idea that the colonized individuals gained as a result of civilization by the Europeans was absolutely mistaken and instead the uncivilized lot was the European colonists. He further opposed colonization by arguing that culture enhanced customs of respect and boosted morality in an individual. However, these norms have a propensity of being undermined when a person is far away from his nation of origin. Additionally, he supposed that in most cases, the colonial empires became the places of severe cruelty since the colonists were distant from the informal sanctions and legal institutions which made them not to exercise restraints, instead demonstrate man’s brutal nature at its worst. Some of the proponents of colonization in the seventeenth and sixteenth century, like the Spanish philosophers, wrongly justified colonization by arguing that it was a vital and necessary factor in the realization of the right to commerce. However, Diderot refuted this approach by stating that it was not right for the explorers and foreign traders to access already occupied lands. On the contrary, he noted that only the areas that had no human settlements were fit for

Marketing Breakdown and Evaluation for Primark

Marketing Breakdown and Evaluation for Primark According to Hollensen (2007) ,  «Ã‚  global marketing consists of finding and satisfying global customers needs better than the competition, and of coordinating marketing activities within the constraint of the global environment  Ã‚ ». Then, when it come to internationalise , a manager has to think if the capabilities and the resources of the company are sufficient to answer to the need of the consumers in a new market environment. In that essay , it comes to think about: In what way Primarks strategy could correspond to the needs of French customers. In other terms, is there an opportunity to Primark to establish itself in France seeing the French environment. This essay will take in account only the clothing part of Primark and not the home part of Primark seeing the fact that the two markets are singular in an analysis. Irish clothing retailer founded in 1969 under the name of Penneys (still in Ireland) , Primark represented in 2008 3,9% of the global clothing retail value in United Kingdom. (Eurominitor, 2009). With a revenue which have reached 2,314m  £ in 2008, Primark count today 206 stores split among England as a majority with 144 stores ,Ireland Spain, Portugal, Germany , Netherland and more recently in Belgium. (Associated British Food Annual report and account 2009). Source: Primark website, Primark stores in Europe Retail part of the Associated British food group in which it represent in 2009, 25,5% of the entire revenue of the group, Primark enjoy the stability and the power that ABF group bring to the retailer. With a strategy of good quality for cheap price, Primark is after 40 years of experience recognised as a giant in the retail Industry. With a gloomy economic climate which encourage people to look after the opportunity to buy cheaper, some leaders of the French fashion as Zara, Kiabi and HM keep watching close this giant that is surrounding France and that nothing seems to stop. In today competitive market, satisfied the customers are seen as the only source of the firm profits. Well target our market seems to be the key success factors. In Segmented a market, factors such as geography ,demography, Psychographic and behavioural would be relevant to analyse .(Doyle, 2006). Today, Primarks strategy is to propose an entire concept through all these stores.Allowing to realise economy of scale in the production and marketing Primark is able to propose low price. Then, in the target market analysis, it is relevant to analyse if the target market of Primark in UK would be suitable and have an opportunity of growth in France.( because change the target market would bring to much costs for Primark). This table will, through the characteristics of Primarks strategy define the basics of Primarks target market. Primark strategy Target market Men and women clothes lines Women essentially but men Young fashion Under 35 years old Low price : Until 30% less than in HM (lefigaro, 2008) Limited incomes Fashion clothes Fashion conscious Fast moving merchandise New product every 6 week (Business week, 2009) Fashion addict or Heavy users of clothes and footwear always looking for novelty. In 2008, French population from 15 to 35 represented an important part with 38,7% of the total population.(Insee, january 2010) . In terms of clothing consumptions, men consumptions in clothing for the 15-25 is 3,9millliardsà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ exactly the same than women. (La lettre à ©conomique, October 2010). Moreover, after gloomy 2009 year with a decrease of the consumption on clothing, 2010 represent the stop of the degradation of the clothing consumption with a tiny increase of O,2%. With a young population in expansion, a target market still buying clothes and a general consumption of clothing which restart, there is an opportunity of growth for Primark in France. Sources If we look at the Internationalisation motives of Hollensen (2007), one of the proactive reason which push a company to internationalize is the managerial urge that he define by a reflection of general entrepreneurial motivation of a desire for continuous growth and market expansions. In the recent year, Primark showed the desire of conquest the western Europe by entering in new country such as recently Belgium. According to Bason John, financial director if AB foods, the performances of our new shops in the Iberian peninsula gives us the impulsion to continue our development in the European continent. (fashion daily news, January 2010). Then, the first motive which could bring Primark in France could be the desire to become an European player of the fashion through it expansion all over Europe. One of the others proactive motives present by Hollensen is a foreign market opportunities and market information. Analytical tool such as PESTLE which allowed to get this information. PESTLE SCHEMA Political: Both part of the European union, UK and France benefit from the common European Union policy which facilitate exchange and trade. However, through state aid and by encouraging mergers between French firms to prevent takeovers by foreign firms, French government act against EU policy and still maintain a kind of protectionism.(datamonitor, 2010). Taxarion in france Politic clothe in france Economic With an increasing unemployment rate and a decreasing consumption the last years, it seems that the crisis could represent an ally for Primark. While an IFOP study about the purchasing power shows that 49% that the under 35years old thinks that their purchasing power has strongly decreased (IFOP,2008), the consumption habits of French goes forward the last opportunity to buy cheaper. As a study of clothing in France explain, the success of the sales periods shows that the sales drop mainly due to purchase power constraints but not as a faction rejection.( Datamonitor,October 2009) With it strategy  «Ã‚  sales price » all the year round, the change in french consumer habbits could represent an opportunity . However, the consumer expenditure on clothing is a lot more higher in UK than in France with an expenditure for 2009 of 37805mnà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ decreasing in comparison with 2008 in France against 40472mn £ in UK ( à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  46542à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬) increasing in comparison with 2008 (Euromonitor, 2010). While expenditure in UK continue to growth when it decrease in France , it could make Primark think that the clothing consumption habits between UK and France are different and then could represent a threat to Primark implementation. Finally for the consumption, aaccording to the clothing in France report 2009, by 2013, clothing sales are forecasted to reach 26,980à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬millions, a 2,1 % rise in constant value compared to 2008 which let hope for primark a brigh future.(Datamonitor,2009) In spite of the fact that Primark is an Irish company, from a market research and data point of view it is more relevant to analyse the accessibility of the French market through the comparison with the English implementation which is more important than the irish one (144 shops in England instead of 38 in Ireland ( Primark website) . However, from a financial side , it is more relevant t deal with the Irish headquarter company where the money is going because Ireland is in eurozone. By dealing with Ireland, primark escape the risk of change rates. Social : In France, fashion remind an important part of the culture. Then , according to a study , French people are still attached to the brand and the luxury in the fashion sector and would prefer after use the sales period ( 41%) , buy cheapest brand (33%).(IPSOS,2008). Then, even if that trend does not automatically represent Primark target market (under 35)which can not necessarily afford luxury brand, French culture in the fashion sector could represent a threat for Primark. France has to face to the ageing of it population. Until 2050, 1/3 of the population will be ageing more than 60 years old. (insee, 2006) Whike some of Primarks competitors such as kiaby (which propose a fashion for the whole family), could begin a  «Ã‚  senior marketing  Ã‚ » by proposing clothing for senior, Primark could not enjoy this opportunity risking to break it strategy and positioning and lost it target. In an article about the factors of primarks success, Susan Segal-Horn says The focus part of Primarks strategy is the specific customer segment it focuses (open2,2005).With a clear positioning , Primark answer to a special target marget needs. En tentant de profiter de cette tendance forward the senior marketing. It ageing of population represent an indirect threat for pirmark because it not concern it target but it coulb beneficy to it competitors which could gain a competitive advantage. Technological : In spite of the fact that the technological aspect is not the most relevant in the implementation of Primark in France, it is important to notice that the evolution and increase of the new technology influence the consumers to purchase more technological product to the detriment of others goods such as clothes + references sur ca. In Primarks case ,legal and environmental factors are linked.. According to a study, fashion industry remain one of the most exploitive in the word, both to people and environment (euromonitor, 2009). However, consumers are more and more aware of the environmental aspect of goods. Often critics for this workers conditions, Primark is now part of Ethical Trading initiative which which guarantee the protection of workers and environment. (primark website) textille France report bureau) Porter pour competition analysis in an industry p 106-107 Analysis an environment , it also analysis the competitive environment to be able to gain a competitive advantage. According to Michael porter, competitive strategy must grow out of a sophisticated understanding of the rules of competition that determine an industrys attractiveness. (competitive advantage, 1985). Sources : The five competitive forces that shape strategy by Michael E. Porter , Harvard business review , January 2008 Power of suppliers: Always looking to reduce is costs, primark has got buyers team in UK and Ireland travel internationally to seek out the most competitive suppliers. Then primark has got a lot of small suppliers instead of a big one which made the power of suppliers really low. Cf citation pour dire que voyage partout. Threat of new entrants : Low because of the hogh costs set up et high competition. Power of buyer: As there are multiplayers in the markets and now customers are more sensitive towards the price so they visit every shop and they make decision and the switching cost is also not to high Substitutes product: High because others company are offering similar product with low price and now it is very easy to customer to switch from one product to other as ther have become more choosey. Rivalry: To get a well understanding of the opportunity that primark has in France, a SWOT analysis will be helphul Strengh weakness Opportunity Threats Conclusion sur competition : france competitive mais uk aussi et primark se demarque. CCL PARTIE ANALYSE: ACCESSIBILITY DU MARCHE cf p 247 Laccessibilità © du marchà © francais pour primak est donc bonne bien que representatn un challenge. According to clothing in France report,  «Ã‚   In terms of market share, the leader have the ability to adapt quickly to market demand by offering many different collection => Primark Representing in 2010 0,7% of the global brand share in the retailing sector in UK (euromonitor international, 2010)